Mais la polymyxine n'est pas du tout absorbée dans le sang du système gastro-intestinal et n'a d'effet que dans l'intestin et est utile pour le traitement des infections intestinales amoxicilline prix Internet en y faisant des achats permettant d’économiser jusqu'à soixante-dix pour cent, tout en étant sûr de la qualité des produits pharmaceutiques.
Microsoft word - tanzania's land policy reform experience-sub-art
Review Paper No. 7-1 TANZANIA’S EXPERIENCE WITH LAND ADMINISTRATION AND LAND POLICY REFORMS IN A HISTORICAL SETTING TANZANIA’S EXPERIENCE WITH LAND ADMINISTRATION AND LAND POLICY REFORMS – The General Picture
Land Policy reform activities have been
gaining prominence in developing countries
worked out, issued guidelines and involved
of late. This is not an accident. Reforms are
poverty reduction strategies and because
World. About a year ago, the African Union
any further neglect thereof allows untold
calm seemed to prevail. Land is the space
guidelines for countries of Africa. This is
for all human activities and it is because of
this fact that responsible governments, the
peoples of all countries in Africa, especially
world over, desire to ensure good custody
those of sub Saharan Africa, would benefit
of land through grant and guarantee of land
rights. Land Policy Reform is a mechanism
important to note however, that although
land issues have a universal nature, there is
paving way towards secure investments in
no single or simple prescription for reforms
food production, housing, infrastructure
that suit all countries. In fact, it would be
development and environmental protection,
possible to have several prescriptions even
among other benefits. However, sustainable
within a single country due to the diversity
land policy reforms are built against the
of relations with land prevailing within
ethnic and regional groupings. This fact
legal, institutional and technological points therefore to the difficulty facing the frameworks that are pivotal to guaranteeing
land tenure rights. In this regard therefore, a
which the product of their work could have
meaning, or otherwise to individual African
Government. It supports land development in the broadest sense as a part of socio-
more rural and agrarian than are urbanized
land administration enables the state to
and industrial. This means that the majority
broaden its revenue base through equitable
of nationals in these countries earn their
Major world organizations (e.g. the World
issues of land access, land rights and land
Bank, the European Union, Donor tenure are of prime importance to the lives Agencies, etc) concerned with economic
of the majority of people and the economy
at large. Much care is needed in molding
Feature Article for the Print Media May, 2007
policy options since land issues are issues
their gravity on the socio-political agenda,
of the majority population in communities.
one thing is clear and that is that guidelines
to land policy reform ought to take a very
careful analysis of prevalent and emerging
African countries, as free nations, differ in
issues prior to their being internalized.
their stage of development with regard to
Also, the parameters of their application
distribution. A few such stages are worthy of note: Firstly, at one end of one spectrum
Tanzania may have something to offer in a
way of experience since it has had a rugged
some are yet to settle permanently on the
path in land policy reforms over the past
century. Several unique experiences in land
firm land ownership relations. In some such
administration, standing out conspicuously
policies geared at land distribution within
country: (i) that abolished the powers of
countries that have been encumbered with
internal conflicts, including full-scale war,
within two years of independence. This act
being fought on the very land needed for
that was initially greeted with suspicion and
had temporarily left a void in local land
administration, but soon people got used to
consensus on land policy, let alone land
getting leaders by the ballot. (ii) that
abrogated on customary tenure and almost
populist land policies, and laws and are at
extinguished it in law, but not all could be
stages of building strategies for a land
bang as a shining beacon for other countries
land rights, security of tenure and enabled
to learn from. (iii) that tried with several
aspirations, without success, until it learnt
countries are quite diverse in nature. For
example: (i) issues of concern to countries
participatory way to define their own land
upholding some role of tribal chiefs in local
tenure policy, and save the day. However,
until this stage some untold experiments
have no part to play in land matters, (ii)
had been done on people’s land relations,
issues concerning post-colonial conflicts
between former settlers and natives would
degrade the landscape with such a damage
be specific to such situations and probably
that could take long to reverse. And (iv) in
differ from issues in countries that had no
settlers economy or where the settler legacy
prolonged, as was the development of new
has been absorbed; and (iii) issues that
legislation and repealing the old land laws.
evolve as a consequence of complexities in
Equally, many years past before a strategic
social relations that are again, specifics of
plan was put in place. But, at least on the
issues constitute a priority and whatever
systematic process of redefining people’s
Prepared for the Media by the Dar Es Salaam Institute for Land Administration and Policy Studies DILAPS May, 2007
relationships with the land that cherishes
policy options to the African governments
customary rights with elements of freehold
of the day and facilitate initiatives to
reforms for the benefit of all so as to guide
land administration in taking up its proper
historical milestones including: (i) the fact
subsequent processes in Europe’s In a nutshell, land tenure is an important “scramble for colonies” interrupted the free
aspect of human life. The value of land has
development of land tenure in Africa; (ii)
widely been acknowledged by all and with
this awareness issues have emerged that are
not easy to reconcile, even within a country
continent prior to colonialism found their
or geographical regions thereof. The result
fate sometimes alongside with the of awareness in the value of land has many indigenous tribes of the continent; (iii) local
customs and traditions were often unfortunately, fueled a rise in explosive contradictory to those of adversaries on
their way, within the general rule of thumb
Zimbabwe and other less explosive such as
of “the winner takes all”; and (iv) colonial
the lack of consensus on land policy and
across the continent. It is unimaginable as
African countries. This paper series will
have propelled people’s relations with the
land in various communities. Perhaps, the
development of socio-economic formations
focusing on Tanzania’s experience. The dar
would have wholly defined tenure issues or
Es Salaam Institute for Land administration
clan, ethnic and tribal conflicts would have
and Policy Studies, DILAPS hopes to make
taken hold as a part of historical dynamics,
a contribution to focal issues in land policy
if uninterrupted by foreign guns and battles.
reforms that may constitute guidelines to
History tells us that conflicts that were
those wishing to learn from neighbours’
experiences. The six highlighted issues in
powers succumbed to the victors, seems to
this attempt are: (i) historical land tenure
developments; (ii) pressure, both internal
upon the rise to the throne of the under dog
and external, brought to bear on land policy
in wholesale takeovers of policies of former
makers; (iii) the cardinal role of customary
enemies. Today, in many African countries,
tenure in a non-industrialised economy; (iv)
meaningful land policy reforms are being
gender issues in search for equitable access
to land and land rights; (v) titling in rural
designed by those in power. This is a new
lands and the importance of a well crafted
physical adjudication process; and (vi) an
informed position of land-use conflicts and
Whatever the historical setting, the role of
land tenure disputes with regard to tenure
the land policy reform guideline security enhancement. development, as proposed by the African
Union, would be that of providing leads on
Prepared for the Media by the Dar Es Salaam Institute for Land Administration and Policy Studies DILAPS
Reported Speech - statements These classnotes are not designed to be studied, but to be used for reference (to solve doubts), so a lot of information is repeated for easy access to all the relevant information in each section. Pay special attention to the words in colour , which signal changes in reported speech. ===============================================================================
The Merged Gospels, Soma Communications, Soma Communications, Incorporated, 2007, 0983126003,9780983126003, . . A Harmony of the Four Gospels, or, the History of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. [Translated fromSamuel LieberkГјhn's "Geschichte unsers Herrn und Heilandes Jesu Christi."] Second edition revised ,Samuel LIEBERKUEHN, 1823, , 296 pages. . The Purpose of Man Designed