Tadalafil appartiene alla classe degli inibitori selettivi della fosfodiesterasi di tipo 5, con un profilo farmacocinetico caratterizzato da un’emivita terminale di circa diciotto ore. Dopo somministrazione orale viene assorbito rapidamente e raggiunge concentrazioni plasmatiche massime in due ore. La biotrasformazione avviene principalmente tramite CYP3A4 con formazione di metaboliti inattivi, escreti in prevalenza con le feci. L’elevato legame alle proteine plasmatiche (>90%) assicura una distribuzione stabile. Nei confronti delle altre molecole della stessa classe, cialis compresse italia è noto per la durata prolungata dell’attività farmacologica.
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Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci
Bacteremia, intraabdominal abscess, urinary tract Penicillin/ampicillin/piperacillin or vancomycin;
faecalis and faecium infection, endocarditis
combined with gentamicin for endocarditis or severe infection
Cutaneous infections: impetigo, folliculitis,
Nafcillin; vancomycin (for methicillin-resistant
furuncles, carbuncles, wound; disseminated
infections: pneumonia, empyema, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis; toxin-mediated infections: toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning
Opportunistic pathogen causing infections on
Nafcillin; vancomycin (for methicillin-resistant
foreign bodies (e.g., catheters, shunts, prosthetic strains)
joints and heart valves); urinary tract infections (e.g., S. saprophyticus)
Suppurative infections: pharyngitis, scarlet fever,
Penicillin, macrolides, cephalosporins, clindamycin,
sinusitis, skin and soft-tissue infection (impetigo,
vancomycin; surgical débridement for necrotizing
erysipelas, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis), toxic shock-like syndrome; nonsuppurative infections:
Neonatal disease (early onset, late onset;
Penicillin, macrolides, cephalosporins, clindamycin,
agalactiae (group B) bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis); urinary tract vancomycin; penicillin and aminoglycoside for
Pharyngitis, otitis, sinusitis, skin and soft-tissue
Penicillin (drug of choice), macrolides,
infection, impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis,
cephalosporins, clindamycin, vancomycin; surgical
Streptococcus bovis Bacteremia, endocarditis
Viridans streptococci Abscess formation; septicemia in neutropenic
Penicillin; penicillin combined with aminoglycoside
patients; subacute endocarditis; odontogenic infections; dental caries
Pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections;
Penicillin; levofloxacin, cephalosporins, clindamycin
meningitis; spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, endocarditis, septic arthritis; bacteremia
Aerobic or Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Positive Rods
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin); penicillin,
doxycycline, erythromycin, or chloramphenicol as alternative therapy
Gastroenteritis, ocular infections, bacteremia
Neutralizing exotoxin; penicillin or erythromycin to
eliminate organism and terminate toxin production; immunization with diphtheria toxoid
Septicemia, endocarditis; wound infections; foreign Vancomycin
Urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis
with calculi; septicemia; endocarditis; wound infections
Erysipeloid (painful, pruritic inflammatory skin
Penicillin; cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones,
erythromycin, or clindamycin as alternative therapy
Early onset neonatal disease (granulomatosis
Ampicillin (alone or in combination with gentamicin)
infantiseptica); late-onset neonatal disease (meningitis with septicemia); flulike illness in adults; bacteremia or disseminated disease in pregnant women or patients with cell-mediated immune defects
Localize pulmonary disease; disseminated disease Clarithromycin or azithromycin combined with
and rifampicin for tuberculoid form; add clofazimine for lepromatous form
Multidrug therapy with isoniazid, rifampin,
Bronchopulmonary disease; primary or secondary
Sulfonamides; amikacin, carbapenems, or broad-
spectrum cephalosporins as alternative therapy if active
Bronchopulmonary disease (lung abscesses);
opportunistic infections in immunocompetent
carbapenems, aminoglycosides, ciprofloxacin,
Gonorrhoea, pelvic inflammatory disease, arthritis Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin; cefoxitin plus doxycycline
Meningitis, bacteremia (meningococcemia)
Ceftriaxone, penicillin, chloramphenicol
Pneumonia, septicemia, opportunistic infections
Imipenem or ceftazidime combined with aminoglycoside for serious infections
Ciprofloxacin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, or amikacin as alternative therapy
Bartonella henselae Bacillary angiomatosis; subacute endocarditis; cat Gentamicin alone or with erythromycin; broad-
spectrum cephalosporins used as alternative therapy; CSD does not response to antibiotic therapy
Bartonella quintana Trench fever (TF); bacillary angiomatosis (BA)
Bordetella pertussis, Pertussis (whooping cough)
Supportive therapy, erythromycin (or other
macrolides) to decrease infectivity and prophylaxis
Doxycycline plus rifampin or gentamicin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Burkholderia cepacia Pulmonary infections; opportunistic infections
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; piperacillin,
ceftazidime, or ciprofloxacin as alternative therapy if trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistant
Meliodosis (asymptomatic to severe pulmonary
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combined with
Self-limited; severe infections treated with
erythromycin; tetracycline or fluoroquinolones used
Campylobacter upsaliensis Camplyobacter fetus Septicemia; meningitis; gastroenteritis;
Aminoglycosides, carbapenems, chloramphenicol
hominis Eikenella corrodens Subacute endocarditis; wound infections
Penicillin, cephalosporins, tetracycline, or fluoroquinolones
Watery diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic
Ciprofloxacin shortens course (high level of
Antibiotics reduce duration of disease and infectivity
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolones
associated Francisella tularensis Tularemia: ulceroglandular, oculoglandular,
Streptomycin, gentamicin; fluoroquinolones
Encapsulated type b strains: meningitis,
Broad-spectrum cephalosporin, azithromycin, or
septicemia, cellulitis, epiglottitis; unencapsulated fluoroquinolone; many strains resistant to ampicillin
strains: otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
Gastritis, peptic, and duodenal ulcers; gastric
Multidrug therapy: tetracycline, metronidazole,
β-Lactam with β-lactamase inhibitor, cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones
Legionnaires' disease (pneumonia), Pontiac fever
clarithromycin); fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) used as alternative therapy
Moraxella catarrhalis Ear, eye, and respiratory infections
Cephalosporins; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
Urinary tract infections, wound infections
Amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones
Pulmonary; primary skin infection; urinary tract
Combination therapy generally required (e.g.,
infection; ear or eye infections; bacteremia
aminoglycoside with extended-spectrum cephalosporins, piperacillin-tazobactam, or carbapenem)
Salmonella enterica Diarrhea, enteric fever (serovar Typhi)
May prolong carrier state in simple diarrhea treatment; fluoroquinolones for enteric fever
Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, wound
Ampicillin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; fluoroquinolones
Wide variety of local and systemic infections
Rehydration; doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or furazolidone shortens course
Minocycline combined with a fluoroquinolone or cefotaxime; débridement
Actinomycosis: cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal, Penicillin; alternative drugs include erythromycin,
Bacteroides fragilis Polymicrobial infections of abdomen, female
genital tract, cutaneous and soft tissues
Ventilatory support; use of trivalent botulinum
Clostridium difficile Antibiotic-associated diarrhea;
Discontinue implicated antibiotic; metronidazole
Soft-tissue infections: cellulitis, fasciitis,
Tetanus: generalized, localized, neonatal
Clean wound; passive immunization; vaccination with tetanus toxoid
Acne; opportunistic infections (e.g., of prosthetic Acne treated with benzoyl peroxide plus clindamycin
Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Coxiella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Chlamydophila
Anaplasmosis (granulocytic ehrlichiosis)
Doxycycline; rifampin used as alternative therapy
Macrolides; fluoroquinolones; tetracyclines
Trachoma; neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia; Tetracyclines; macrolides; fluoroquinolones
urethritis; cervicitis; salpingitis; lymphogranuloma venereum
Q fever: acute (fever, headache, chills, myalgias,
granulomatous hepatitis) and chronic (endocarditis, sulfamethoxazole
Ehrlichia chaffeensis Monocytic ehrlichiosis
Doxycycline; rifampin used as alternative therapy
Macrolides; tetracycline; fluoroquinolones
pneumoniae Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Doxycycline; fluoroquinolones used as alternative therapy
Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease: erythema migrans; cardiac,
Oral penicillin; tetracyclines; ceftriaxone
neurologic, or rheumatologic abnormalities
Borrelia recurrentis Epidemic relapsing fever
Tetracyclines; erythromycin; chloramphenicol; penicillin
Tetracyclines; erythromycin; chloramphenicol; penicillin
Leptospirosis: mild, viral-like illness to severe
Penicillin; doxycycline; vaccination of pets and herds
Treponema pallidum Syphilis: primary, secondary, tertiary, congenital
Murray, Medical Microbiology. 5th Edition
Table 48-1. Overview of Selected Bacterial Pathogens
Vulnerable patients with a fractured neck of femur:nutritional status and support in hospitalM. Nematy,* M. Hickson,* A.E. Brynes,* C.H.S. Ruxton & G.S. Frost**Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospitals Trust, London W12 0HS, UK; Schoolof Biosciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UKMalnutrition has serious consequences forrecover