Echinacea purpurea - Purple Coneflower (Asteraceae)
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Echinacea purpurea is a perennial for sunny to
peduncles become fruiting stalks; in addition, the
partially shady sites, with a distinctive array of
receptacle is covered with prickly coarse scales
summer-blooming pink-lavender or white-cream
-best floral performance occurs by putting this
flowers. The sometimes pendulous petals sit atop
perennial in sites with morning sun followed by
stiff, vertical peduncles that arise from a clump of
afternoon shade, so that the petal colors will not
bleach out in the intense afternoon heat and sunlight
FEATURES
-each of the stiff flowering stalks has several flowers
blooming over a month long period in July and early
Aug., with occasional rebloom during late summer
and early autumn, especially if deadheaded
-seeds, as a unit, form a prominent central cone that
turns gray in autumn, with seeds slowly shattering
-performs best in evenly moist, well-drained soils of
from the peduncle as the winter progresses (if not
average fertility in partial sun, but is tolerant of full
deadheaded or subjected to autumn cleanup),
sun, heat, and drought (as long as a moderate amount
therefore, the fruiting heads are not especially
of petal bleaching and leaf scorching is expected)
-propagated by clump division, root cuttings (not
rooted stem cuttings, but cuttings from the peripheral
Function
-Daisy Family, with minor foliage disease (leaf spot)
-mass or group plantings, borders, entranceways, rear
or pest (Japanese beetle) problems; however, leaf
of the perennial bed, and naturalized prairie or
scorch is the most common problem and often occurs
woodland edge sites; also good for cut flowers
-cut back dead stubble from the previous season's
growth during late autumn, late winter, or early
-heat and drought tolerant (although some leaf scorch
-medium to dark green, either originating as a clump
from the crown (basal leaves are up to 8" long) or
-will slowly self-sow when placed in a neglected area
alternating along the flowering stems (upper leaves
Liabilities
-narrow ovate, coarsely dentate, scabrous (rough to
-cosmetic leaf damage will result from leaf scorch,
the touch), with a long tapering acute apex, and also
leaf spots, and/or Japanese beetle feeding
long-petioled (except for leaves on the upper stems),
-older plants that have not been divided for about 3
with the petioles and stems having a purplish tinge
yrs. will have some peduncle lodging as the
leaves will wilt when under drought conditions, but
flowering season progresses (these can conveniently
-self-sowing can slowly become a problem in
SELECTIONS Alternates
-perennials with a medium-bold texture, upright
growth habit, showy flowers, and cut-flower potential
(Leucanthemum Superbum Group, Rudbeckia fulgida
var. sullivantii 'Goldsturm', Sedum 'Herbstfreude'
Variants
-'Crimson Star' - the most deeply pigmented crimson-
lavender petals of any cultivar, with reddish central
-'Magnus' - rose-lavender petals are held horizontally
from the flowers, which are borne in profusion; 1998
Perennial Plant Association Plant of the Year
-ray flowers ("petals") are lavender-pink (species
('Bravado' is a good substitute, if 'Magnus' is sold-
form) or white (some cultivars), on inflorescences
about 3" wide, with the petals either drooping
-'White Swan' - white-cream petals, with golden-
(species form) or held horizontally (most cultivars),
green central disks; a very worthwhile choice since it
while the central disk flowers are raised into a cone
is one of the few showy white blooming perennials
or dome shape, ranging from golden-purple to
for mid- to late summer bloom; leaves, petioles, and
peduncles are also a lighter green color;
-the stout peduncles (flowering stalks, or "stems")
unfortunately, this and other white-flowering
join the swollen receptacles (the bases of each
cultivars (e.g. 'Alba') are not as vigorous, floriferous,
flower), creating a subtle inverted pyramidal shape at
tall, or cold hardy as the pink flowering forms
the juncture that is often unnoticed beneath the
reflexed petals, but becomes more obvious as the
Onderzoek Luchtkwaliteit Deze bijlage bevat het luchtkwaliteitsonderzoek en is de verantwoording voor de toelichting (para- graaf 5.10). In de eerste paragraaf van deze bijlage zijn het geldende beleid en de daarbij horende normering weergeven. De tweede paragraaf is gebruikt om het daadwerkelijke uitgevoerde lucht- kwaliteitsonderzoek weer te geven met daarin onder andere de uitgangspunten e