Untitled

Human Reproduction, Vol.24, No.3 pp. 602 – 607, 2009 Advanced Access publication on December 17, 2008 Preoperative work-up for patients withdeeply infiltrating endometriosis:transvaginal ultrasonography mustdefinitely be the first-line imagingexamination Mathilde Piketty1, Nicolas Chopin1, Bertrand Dousset2,Anne-Elodie Millischer-Bellaische3, Gilles Roseau1, Mahaut Leconte2,Bruno Borghese1,4,5, and Charles Chapron1,4,5,6 1Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics II and Reproductive Medicine, Universite´ Paris Descartes, Faculte´ de Me´decine, AssistancePublique – Hoˆpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Ouest, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Cochin, SaintVincent de Paul, Pavillon Lelong, 82, Avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France 2Department of Digestive and Endocrine, Universite´Paris Descartes, Faculte´ de Me´decine, Assistance Publique – Hoˆpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Ouest,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Cochin, Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France 3Department of Radiology, Universite´ Paris Descartes,Faculte´ de Me´decine, Assistance Publique – Hoˆpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Ouest, Centre HospitalierUniversitaire (CHU) Cochin, Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France 4Institut Cochin, Universite´ Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris,France 5Inserm, Unite´ de Recherche U567, Paris, France 6Correspondence address. Tel: þ33-1-58-41-19-14; Fax: þ33-1-58-41-18-70; E-mail: [email protected] background: Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) has important advantages compared with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS): it isless invasive, is cost-effective, is a familiar and well-accepted approach, and anesthesia is not required. We compared the accuracy of TVUSand TRUS for diagnosing rectal wall involvement in patients presenting with histologically proved deeply infiltrating endometriosis (DIE).
methods: Prospective study of 134 patients with histologically proved DIE underwent preoperative investigations using both TVUS andTRUS. The radiologist (TVUS) and sonographer (TRUS) were unaware of the clinical findings but knew that DIE was suspected.
results: DIE was confirmed histologically for all the patients. A rectal wall involvement was histologically proved for 75 patients (56%).
For the diagnosis of infiltration of the intestinal wall, TVUS and TRUS, respectively, had a sensitivity of 90.7% and 96.0%, a specificity of 96.5%and 100.0%, a positive predictive value of 97.1% and 100.0% and a negative predictive value of 88.9% and 95.2%.
conclusions: TVUS and TRUS have similar degrees of accuracy for predicting intestinal involvement. TVUS must be the first-lineimaging process to perform for patients presenting with clinically suspected DIE. The question for the coming years is to define if it is necess-ary for TRUS to be carried out systematically in cases of clinically suspected DIE.
Key words: deep endometriosis / deeply infiltrating endometriosis / preoperative work-up / transvaginal ultrasonography / transrectalultrasonography the type of pain is related to location of the DIE lesions (Fauconnieret al., 2002), whereas the severity is correlated to depth of the DIE There are three types of endometriotic lesions: superficial endome- nodules (Koninckx et al., 1991; Porpora et al., 1999; Chapron et al., triosis (peritoneal and/or ovarian), ovarian endometriomas and deeply infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). DIE is a specific entity, histo- Management of DIE can be either medical (Igarashi et al., 1998; logically defined when endometriotic lesions penetrate more than Fedele et al., 2000; Fedele et al., 2001; Hefler et al., 2005; Vercellini 5 mm under the peritoneum (Koninckx et al., 1991). DIE is respon- et al., 2005; Razzi et al., 2007) or surgical (Urbach et al., 1998; sible for pelvic pain symptoms (Fauconnier and Chapron, 2005), and Chapron et al., 2003b; Darai et al., 2005; Vignali et al., 2005; & The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved.
For Permissions, please email: [email protected] Work-up for rectal wall involvement in deep endometriosis Ribeiro et al., 2006; Seracchioli et al., 2007). Success of surgery is cor- experienced radiologist (A.E.M.B.). Routine analysis of uterus and ovaries related with the radicality of the exeresis (Chopin et al., 2005). A sat- took place first. Moreover, the protocol included the study of the peritoneal isfactory work-up (questioning, clinical examination, imaging) is surfaces (pouch of Douglas, vesicouterine pouch) and the retroperitoneal necessary preoperatively to establish the map of DIE lesions and to space (i.e. USL, torus uterinum and posterior fornix of the vagina). Theprobe was first positioned in the lower vagina in front of the anal canal.
obtain the patient’s consent (Chapron et al., 2004a).
The probe was moved slowly down and up to the posterior fornix of the Preoperative knowledge about intestinal infiltration is essential vagina. By moving the probe, all the anterior rectosigmoid space could be because, if surgery is decided, a specific intestinal surgical procedure analyzed. The normal aspect of the rectum/sigmoid colon muscularis will be necessary (Chapron et al., 2003b). In these situations, patients propria is hypoechoic and thin (,3 mm). Intestinal DIE was defined as an must be informed preoperatively concerning the surgical risks (Landi irregular hypoechoic mass, with or without hypo/hyperechoic foci involving et al., 2006; Dubernard et al., 2008). Because clinical examination is the rectum/sigmoid colon muscularis propria (Bazot et al., 2007b). Particu- of limited use for establishing the extent of the DIE lesions lar attention was paid to the appendix and small. The aspect of torus uter- (Chapron et al., 2002; Abrao et al., 2007), it is necessary to use non- inum and USL was observed at the same time with sagittal and parasagittal invasive imaging processes prior to surgery. Transrectal ultrasonogra- views of hypoechoic and irregular nodules.
phy (TRUS) was demonstrated to be efficient for the diagnosis ofrectal wall infiltration by DIE lesions (Chapron et al., 1998; Fedele et al., 1998; Delpy et al., 2005; Bazot et al., 2007a). Magnetic reson- TRUS was performed with an Olympus UM 160 Echoendoscope (SCOP ance imaging (MRI), also proposed, presents the great advantage of Medecine Olympus, 94150 Rungis, France) by a single examiner (G.R.). It offering the possibility of obtaining a complete pelvic evaluation with was carried out without sedation, 2 h after a rectal enema. Endoscopic a single imaging procedure (Siegelman et al., 1994; Kinkel et al., examination of the rectum and the distal sigmoid colon was first performed, 1999; Bazot et al., 2004; Chapron et al., 2004b; Kataoka et al., placing the probe in the sigmoid colon, over the aortic bifurcation and/or 2005; Abrao et al., 2007). More recently, transvaginal ultrasonography the upper part of the body of the uterus. The probe was then slowly with- (TVUS), which is the imaging method of choice for diagnosis of endo- drawn allowing optimum imaging of rectal and sigmoid colon walls, withinstillation of water into the intestinal lumen and alternating use of 5, 7.5 metriomas (Mais et al., 1993; Guerriero et al., 1995), was proposed and 12 MHz frequencies. Normal intestinal wal s usually appear as a five- for the diagnosis of DIE (Gorell et al., 1989; Bazot et al., 2003; layer structure: the fourth hypoechoic layer corresponds to the muscularis Koga et al., 2003). This method of investigation offers the advantages propria. The surrounding areas were also imaged, with particular attention of accessibility and cost-effectiveness when compared with MRI and paid to the ovaries, cervix and body of the uterus, pouch of douglas, USL tolerability when compared with TRUS.
areas and torus uterinum. DIE showed up as hypoechoic peri-digestive The aim of this study is to compare the results of TVUS with those nodules of rounded or roughly triangular shape. A diagnosis of digestive of TRUS, which is the investigation of choice for the diagnosis of rectal tract infiltration was confirmed when a hypoechoic thickening of the muscu- wall infiltration, and to clarify whether there are limits for TVUS.
laris propria was demonstrated at ultrasound (Chapron et al., 1998), eitherisolated or involved in an adjacent pelvic location.
Between January 2005 and July 2007, we performed a prospective study For each imaging process (TVUS and TRUS), sensitivity, specificity, positive during which time patients suffering from pelvic pain (alone or associated and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), 95% confidence intervals with infertility) underwent complete surgical exeresis of DIE lesions and kappa test of concordance in the diagnosis of rectal wall involvement (Chapron et al., 2003b). DIE was suspected in all cases preoperatively for patients presenting histologically proved DIE were calculated (McKen- (questioning, clinical examination, imaging). Diagnosis of DIE was histologi- zie et al., 1997). Data are presented as mean + SD.
cally proven for each patient. DIE lesions were classified in five locations(bladder, uterosacral ligament(s) (USL), vagina, intestine, ureter) accordingto a previous classification (Chapron et al., 2006). For each patient, data were collected: (i) general patients’ characteristics (age, gravidity, parity,height, weight); (ii) history of previous medical and/or surgical treatment During the study period, 134 patients were enrolled. Patients’ charac- for endometriosis; (iii) preoperative painful symptoms scores (dysmenor- teristics are presented in Table I. Four hundred and ten (n ¼ 410) his- rhea, deep dyspareunia, non-cyclic chronic pelvic pain, gastrointestinal and tologically proved DIE lesions were removed during complete DIE lower urinary tract symptoms) according to visual analogue scale; (iv) stage surgical exeresis: USL (132 lesions; 32.2%); vagina (80 lesions; of the disease and mean revised American Fertility Society (AFS) scores 19.5%); bladder (22 lesions; 5.4%); intestine (163 lesions; 39.7%) (total, implant, adhesion) according to the AFS (AFS, 1985); (v) number and ureter (13 lesions; 3.2%). The mean number of DIE lesions per and location of DIE lesions (bladder, USL, vagina, intestine, ureter); (vi) patient was 3.1 + 2.1 (range 1 – 10). Fifty-one patients (n ¼ 51; existence of associated ovarian endometrioma.
38.1%) had an ovarian endometrioma associated with the DIE lesions.
All women underwent both TVUS and TRUS prior to surgery. The radi- Patient distribution, according to the main location of the DIE ologist (for the TVUS) and the sonographer (TRUS) were informed thatDIE was suspected but were blinded to the results of clinical findings Classification (Chapron et al., 2006), was as follows: USL 25 patients and previous imaging examinations. They were asked whether there was (18.7%); vagina 23 patients (17.2%); bladder 11 patients (8.2%); intes- tine 66 patients (49.2%); and ureter 9 patients (6.7%) (Table II). Atotal of 75 patients (56.0%) presented with histologically proved intes- tinal involvement (the 66 patients classified as ‘intestine’ and 9 as TVUS was performed with a Toshiba ultrasound machine, using a 5 –9 MHz ‘ureter’) (Table II). The mean number of intestinal DIE lesions per transducer. TVUS was performed without bowel preparation by a single patient was 2.7 + 1.5 (range 1 – 9). For 70 patients (93.3%), the rectal and/or sigmoid DIE lesion. Ninety-six percent (96.0%; 72 Table I Characteristics of patients with DIE in the cases) of the patients presented a rectal wall infiltration. Appendix (n ¼ 8 patients) and omentum (n ¼ 3 patients) DIE lesions werenever isolated and always associated with rectal and/or sigmoid DIE Among the patients with intestinal DIE lesions (n ¼ 75), only 34 patients (45.3%) presented a single intestinal lesion (not taking omentum and appendix DIE lesions into account). Among the 41 patients with more than one intestinal DIE lesions (not takingomentum and appendix DIE lesions into account), 21 patients pre- sented, associated with the rectal and/or sigmoid DIE lesions, a ‘right intestinal DIE lesion’ located at the cecum and/or ileum (cecum: n ¼ 4 patients; ileum: n ¼ 13 patients; cecum and ileum: 4 patients). So, for patients with rectal and/or sigmoid DIE lesions (n ¼ 75), the rate of associated ‘right intestinal involvement’ (ileum Preoperative painful symptoms scoresa,b,c and/or cecum) was 28% (n ¼ 21 patients) (Fig. 1).
The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of TVUS and TRUS for the diagnosis of rectal wall involvement are presented in Table IV. TVUS and TRUS yielded a diagnosis of deep rectal endometriosis in 68 (90.7%) and 72 patients (96.0%), respectively. The kappa test of con- cordance was 0.86 for TVUS and 0.96 for TRUS.
This prospective study demonstrates two points: first, TVUS is accu- rate to diagnose intestinal wall involvement for patients with DIE and results are similar than those observed with TRUS; second, in cases of rectal DIE lesions, there are associated cecum and/or ileum DIE lesions in 28% of the cases.
bSometimes more than one for the same patient.
c It is essential that these results, which agree with the conclusions of dScore according to the revised American Fertility Society Classification (AFS, 1985).
two recent studies (Abrao et al., 2007; Bazot et al., 2007b), should betaken into consideration when treating DIE patients. If surgery isdecided, the DIE lesions must all be totally excised (Chapron et al., intestinal DIE lesions were associated with other DIE lesions (USL, 2003b; Chopin et al., 2005; Fedele et al., 2005; Vignali et al., 2005).
Consequently, if there is any deep intestinal infiltration, a specific seg- The anatomic distribution of intestinal DIE lesions (163 lesions for mental intestinal resection procedure is required (Remorgida et al., 75 patients) is presented in Table III. All the patients presented a 2005; Abrao et al., 2008). Bowel segmental resection is by no Table II Distribution of patients according to main location of the DIE Values in parentheses are percentages.
aAccording to a previously published surgical classification for DIE (Chapron et al., 2006).
bNumber of patients.
cNumber of histologically proven DIE lesions.
dEach lesion of bilateral pair counted as part of pair, so total number of individual lesions ¼ 212.
Bl, bladder; USL, uterosacral ligament; Va, vagina; Bl, bladder; Ur, ureter; In, intestine; R, right; L, left; B, bilateral.
Work-up for rectal wall involvement in deep endometriosis to establish a good basis for deciding on the treatment strategy in Table III Anatomic distribution of intestinal DIE Apart from its excellent diagnostic efficiency, TVUS has important advantages compared with TRUS. It is a less invasive means of inves- tigation than TRUS, is cost-effective, familiar and well accepted by patients in obstetrics and gynecology, and can be used in all cases without anesthesia. Unlike TRUS, TVUS performs well for diagnosis of ovarian endometriomas (Bazot et al., 2007b), which are often associated with DIE lesions and must be considered as a marker for severity of the disease (Chapron et al., 2008). Furthermore, DIE lesions are frequently multifocal (Chapron et al., 2003b). In our experi- ence, intestinal DIE lesions are associated with other DIE locations (USL, vagina, bladder, ureter) in 93% of cases. TVUS gives better results than TRUS for the diagnosis of these associated DIE lesions, notably when there is infiltration of the USL and bladder (Bazot Some patients presented several intestinal DIE lesions.
et al., 2007b). Further work is required to establish whether TVUSshould be systematically combined in the future with water-contrastin the rectal lumen (Valenzano Menada et al., 2008) or saline solutionin the vagina (Dessole et al., 2003) and whether the use of ultrasoundtransmission gel improves the diagnosis accuracy (Guerriero et al.,2007). While, like others (Bazot et al., 2007b), we performed TVUSwithout bowel preparation, further studies will be necessary to findout if mechanical lower bowel cleansing using a rectal enema priorto the examination (Abrao et al., 2007) will improve TVUS accuracy.
Although TVUS is efficient for the diagnosis of rectal involvement, this technique raises two controversial points. First, TVUS is anoperator-dependent procedure. Specific training for the practitionersis essential to understand the DIE TVUS imaging semiology. Sinceour radiologists came to the operating room to find out for themselveswhat the problems facing us are and to understand the anatomy of theposterior pelvic compartment, we have seen better accuracy forthe imaging results. Second, intestinal DIE lesions are multifocal inthe digestive wall in almost one case out of two (Chapron et al., Figure 1 Intestinal endometriosis: the anatomic distribution oflesions in 134 patients with DIE.
2003b). In our experience, rectal lesions are associated with asecond intestinal lesion in 54.6% of cases (41/75) (Fig. 1). Similarly,rectosigmoid lesions are associated with ileo-cecum DIE lesions means an innocuous surgical procedure and presents a real risk of (cecum and/or terminal ileum) in 28% of cases (Fig. 1). These ‘high complications (Darai et al., 2007). This point is essential insofar as sigmoid’ and/or ‘right bowel lesions’ (cecum and/[E1]or ileum) will the patients concerned are young (32.1 + 5.0 years in this study) be more difficult to diagnose with TVUS. Their frequency justifies car- and present painful functional symptoms without any question of rying out a systematic complete intestinal work-up, since the number malignancy. Preoperative knowledge of the existence of intestinal infil- and location of intestinal lesions governs the choice of surgical pro- tration is important in order to be able to inform the patient about the cedure. In case of a single intestinal lesion, and especially when it is various treatment possibilities together with their respective risks and isolated (without other associated DIE lesions in the bladder, the Table IV Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of TVUS and TRUS in the diagnosis of rectalinvolvement for patients presenting with DIE (n 5 134) PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value.
vagina or the ureter), laparoscopic surgery is the preferred operating technique (Possover et al., 2000; Duepree et al., 2002; Darai et al.,2005; Jatan et al., 2006; Ribeiro et al., 2006). In case of multiple intes- Abrao MS, Goncalves MO, Dias JA Jr, Podgaec S, Chamie LP, Blasbalg R.
tinal lesions, and especially when a ‘right bowel lesion’ (cecum and/or Comparison between clinical examination, transvaginal sonography andmagnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of deep endometriosis.
terminal ileum) is associated with the rectal lesion, laparotomy may be required given that in these situations, two bowel resections will be Abrao MS, Podgaec S, Dias JA Jr, Averbach M, Silva LF, de Carvalho FM.
necessary to carry out complete exeresis during the same operation.
Endometriosis lesions that compromise the rectum deeper than the To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to underline the inner muscularis layer have more than 40% of the circumference of frequency and insist on the importance of diagnosing ‘right bowel the rectum affected by the disease. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008; involvement’ in the diagnostic and treatment strategy for patients pre- AFS. Revised American Fertility Society classification of endometriosis: The multifocality of DIE lesions (Chapron et al., 2006) justifies a 1985. Fertil Steril 1985;43:351 – 352.
multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment management. The possibility Bazot M, Detchev R, Cortez A, Amouyal P, Uzan S, Darai E. Transvaginal of intestinal lesions associated with gynecologic DIE requires close col- sonography and rectal endoscopic sonography for the assessment of laboration with gastrointestinal tract surgeons, and also urologists in pelvic endometriosis: a preliminary comparison. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1686 – 1692.
the event of ureter involvement. Concerning the diagnosis, collabor- Bazot M, Darai E, Hourani R, Thomassin I, Cortez A, Uzan S, Buy JN.
ation with radiologists is essential in order to establish a precise pre- Deep pelvic endometriosis: MR imaging for diagnosis and prediction operative map of the DIE lesions. In practice, the main question is to of extension of disease. Radiology 2004;232:379 – 389.
identify which is the best radiological examination to associate with Bazot M, Bornier C, Dubernard G, Roseau G, Cortez A, Darai E. Accuracy TVUS to diagnose these DIE lesions. TRUS presents the same limit- of magnetic resonance imaging and rectal endoscopic sonography for ations as TVUS in the case of ‘high’ or ‘right’ (cecum and/or ileum) the prediction of location of deep pelvic endometriosis. Hum Reprod bowel lesions. Although MRI is an efficient means of examination allowing a complete pelvic work-up to be established (Kinkel et al., Bazot M, Malzy P, Cortez A, Roseau G, Amouyal P, Darai E. Accuracy of 1999), bowel movements, notably in the sigmoid and ileo-cecal junc- transvaginal sonography and rectal endoscopic sonography in the tion areas, may generate artifacts (Abrao et al., 2007) that will hamper diagnosis of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol the diagnosis with the risk of overlooking and under-estimating the Biscaldi E, Ferrero S, Fulcheri E, Ragni N, Remorgida V, Rollandi GA.
extent of intestinal DIE lesions. Studies are needed to find out if multi- Multislice CT enteroclysis in the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis. Eur slice computerized tomography is of interest in this context (Biscaldi Chapron C, Dumontier I, Dousset B, Fritel X, Tardif D, Roseau G, In view of its simplicity, good tolerance and efficiency, our results Chaussade S, Couturier D, Dubuisson JB. Results and role of rectal encourage us to propose TVUS as the radiological examination which must be performed systematically and at first intention. TVUS endometriosis. Hum Reprod 1998;13:2266 – 2270.
is just as accurate as TRUS for diagnosing intestinal infiltration and Chapron C, Dubuisson JB, Pansini V, Vieira M, Fauconnier A, Dousset B.
yields better results for associated DIE locations (notably the Routine clinical examination is not sufficient for the diagnosis and bladder and USL). MRI must be also proposed systematically in our establishing the location of deeply infiltrating endometriosis. J Am opinion in order to make a complete pelvic work-up. So the basic Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2002;9:115 – 119.
question in daily practice is whether it is necessary to carry out Chapron C, Fauconnier A, Dubuisson JB, Barakat H, Vieira M, Breart G.
TRUS systematically in a patient presenting a clinical suspicion of dysmenorrhoea and extent of disease. Hum Reprod 2003a;18:760 – 766.
DIE. If intestinal infiltration is found at TVUS, we feel that TRUS is Chapron C, Fauconnier A, Vieira M, Barakat H, Dousset B, Pansini V, not needed, given that it will provide no further information than Vacher-Lavenu MC, Dubuisson JB. Anatomical distribution of deeply TVUS. However, if there is a real clinical suspicion of intestinal invol- infiltrating endometriosis: surgical implications and proposition for a vement (Chapron et al., 2002; Abrao et al., 2007) but neither TVUS classification. Hum Reprod 2003b;18:157 – 161.
nor MRI show any intestinal infiltration digestive, TRUS must be Chapron C, Chopin N, Borghese B, Malartic C, Decuypere F, Foulot H.
Surgical management of deeply infiltrating endometriosis: an update.
Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004a;1034:326 – 337.
Chapron C, Vieira M, Chopin N, Balleyguier C, Barakat H, Dumontier I, Roseau G, Fauconnier A, Foulot H, Dousset B. Accuracy of rectal With experience, we have changed our radiological diagnostic endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging inthe diagnosis of rectal involvement for patients presenting with approach. Initially, we felt that TRUS was a key means of investigation deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004b; to be carried out systematically in order to look for intestinal involve- ment in patients presenting a clinical suspicion of DIE. Today, we con- sider that TVUS must be the first-line imaging process for these Vacher-Lavenu MC, Vieira M, Hasan W, Bricou A. Deeply infiltrating patients. The goal in the coming years is to define according to precise criteria the modalities for preoperative radiological work-up distribution. Hum Reprod 2006;21:1839 – 1845.
for these patients. If TVUS and MRI definitely show intestinal infiltra- Chapron C, Pietin-Vialle C, Borghese B, Davy C, Foulot H, Chopin N.
tion, we recommend in future that TRUS should not be used in Associated ovarian endometriomas is a marker for greater severity of deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2008; in press.
Work-up for rectal wall involvement in deep endometriosis Chopin N, Vieira M, Borghese B, Foulot H, Dousset B, Coste J, Mignon A, Kinkel K, Chapron C, Balleyguier C, Fritel X, Dubuisson JB, Moreau JF.
Fauconnier A, Chapron C. Operative management of deeply infiltrating Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of deep endometriosis.
endometriosis: results on pelvic pain symptoms according to a surgical classification. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:106 – 112.
Koga K, Osuga Y, Yano T, Momoeda M, Yoshino O, Hirota Y, Kugu K, Darai E, Thomassin I, Barranger E, Detchev R, Cortez A, Houry S, Nishii O, Tsutsumi O, Taketani Y. Characteristic images of deeply Bazot M. Feasibility and clinical outcome of laparoscopic colorectal infiltrating rectosigmoid endometriosis on transvaginal and transrectal resection for endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:394 – 400.
ultrasonography. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1328 – 1333.
Darai E, Bazot M, Rouzier R, Houry S, Dubernard G. Outcome of Koninckx PR, Meuleman C, Demeyere S, Lesaffre E, Cornillie FJ. Suggestive laparoscopic colorectal resection for endometriosis. Curr Opin Obstet evidence that pelvic endometriosis is a progressive disease, whereas deeply infiltrating endometriosis is associated with pelvic pain. Fertil Delpy R, Barthet M, Gasmi M, Berdah S, Shojai R, Desjeux A, Boubli L, Grimaud JC. Value of endorectal ultrasonography for diagnosing Landi S, Ceccaroni M, Perutelli A, Allodi C, Barbieri F, Fiaccavento A, rectovaginal septal endometriosis infiltrating the rectum. Endoscopy Ruffo G, McVeigh E, Zanolla L, Minelli L. Laparoscopic nerve-sparing complete excision of deep endometriosis: is it feasible? Hum Reprod Dessole S, Farina M, Rubattu G, Cosmi E, Ambrosini G, Nardelli GB.
Sonovaginography is a new technique for assessing rectovaginal Mais V, Guerriero S, Ajossa S, Angiolucci M, Paoletti AM, Melis GB. The endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2003;79:1023 – 1027.
Dubernard G, Rouzier R, David-Montefiore E, Bazot M, Darai E. Urinary endometrioma. Fertil Steril 1993;60:776 – 780.
complications after surgery for posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis McKenzie D, Vida S, Mackinnon AJ, Onghena P, Clarke D. Accurate are related to the extent of dissection and to uterosacral ligaments confidence intervals for mesure of test performance. Psychiatr Res resection. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008;15:235 – 240.
Duepree HJ, Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Marcello PW, Brady KM, Porpora MG, Koninckx PR, Piazze J, Natili M, Colagrande S, Cosmi EV.
Falcone T. Laparoscopic resection of deep pelvic endometriosis with Correlation between endometriosis and pelvic pain. J Am Assoc rectosigmoid involvement. J Am Coll Surg 2002;195:754 – 758.
Gynecol Laparosc 1999;6:429 – 434.
Fauconnier A, Chapron C. Endometriosis and pelvic pain: epidemiological Possover M, Diebolder H, Plaul K, Schneider A. Laparoscopically assisted evidence of the relationship and implications. Hum Reprod Update 2005; vaginal resection of rectovaginal endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 2000; Fauconnier A, Chapron C, Dubuisson JB, Vieira M, Dousset B, Breart G.
Razzi S, Luisi S, Calonaci F, Altomare A, Bocchi C, Petraglia F. Efficacy of Relation between pain symptoms and the anatomic location of deep vaginal danazol treatment in women with recurrent deeply infiltrating infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2002;78:719 – 726.
endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2007;88:789 – 794.
Fedele L, Bianchi S, Portuese A, Borruto F, Dorta M. Transrectal Remorgida V, Ragni N, Ferrero S, Anserini P, Torelli P, Fulcheri E. How ultrasonography in the assessment of rectovaginal endometriosis.
complete is full thickness disc resection of bowel endometriotic lesions? A prospective surgical and histological study. Hum Reprod Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for endometriosis Ribeiro PA, Rodrigues FC, Kehdi IP, Rossini L, Abdalla HS, Donadio N, of the rectovaginal septum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1462 – 1467.
Aoki T. Laparoscopic resection of intestinal endometriosis: a 5-year Fedele L, Bianchi S, Zanconato G, Portuese A, Raffaelli R. Use of a experience. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2006;13:442 – 446.
levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in the treatment of Seracchioli R, Poggioli G, Pierangeli F, Manuzzi L, Gualerzi B, Savelli L, rectovaginal endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2001;75:485 – 488.
Remorgida V, Mabrouk M, Venturoli S. Surgical outcome and Fedele L, Bianchi S, Zanconato G, Berlanda N, Borruto F, Frontino G.
long-term follow up after laparoscopic rectosigmoid resection in Tailoring radicality in demolitive surgery for deeply infiltrating women with deep infiltrating endometriosis. BJOG 2007;114:889 – 895.
endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:114 – 117.
Siegelman ES, Outwater E, Wang T, Mitchell DG. Solid pelvic mass caused Gorell HA, Cyr DR, Wang KY, Greer BE. Rectosigmoid endometriosis.
by endometriosis: MR imaging features. Am J Roentgenol 1994; Diagnosis using endovaginal sonography. J Ultrasound Med 1989;8:459–461.
Guerriero S, Mais V, Ajossa S, Melis GB. Predictive value of color Doppler Urbach DR, Reedijk M, Richard CS, Lie KI, Ross TM. Bowel resection for for ovarian endometrioma. Fertil Steril 1995;63:1136 – 1137.
intestinal endometriosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:1158 – 1164.
Guerriero S, Ajossa S, Gerada M, D’Aquila M, Piras B, Melis GB.
Valenzano Menada M, Remorgida V, Abbamonte LH, Nicoletti A, “Tenderness-guided” transvaginal ultrasonography: a new method for Ragni N, Ferrero S. Does transvaginal ultrasonography combined the detection of deep endometriosis in patients with chronic pelvic with water-contrast in the rectum aid in the diagnosis of rectovaginal pain. Fertil Steril 2007;88:1293 – 1297.
Hefler LA, Grimm C, van Trotsenburg M, Nagele F. Role of the vaginally Vercellini P, Pietropaolo G, De Giorgi O, Pasin R, Chiodini A, rectovaginal endometriosis: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 2005;84:1033– 1036.
Crosignani PG. Treatment of symptomatic rectovaginal endometriosis Igarashi M, Iizuka M, Abe Y, Ibuki Y. Novel vaginal danazol ring therapy for pelvic endometriosis, in particular deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Hum norethindrone acetate. Fertil Steril 2005;84:1375 – 1387.
Vignali M, Bianchi S, Candiani M, Spadaccini G, Oggioni G, Busacca M.
Jatan AK, Solomon MJ, Young J, Cooper M, Pathma-Nathan N. Laparoscopic Surgical treatment of deep endometriosis and risk of recurrence.
management of rectal endometriosis. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:169–174.
J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:508 – 513.
Kataoka ML, Togashi K, Yamaoka T, Koyama T, Ueda H, Kobayashi H, Rahman M, Higuchi T, Fujii S. Posterior cul-de-sac obliteration associated Submitted on August 29, 2008; resubmitted on October 10, 2008; accepted on with endometriosis: MR imaging evaluation. Radiology 2005;234:815–823.

Source: http://www.emebahia.com.br/arquivos/USTV%20Pre-operatorio%20de%20EDT%20profunda-%20chapron%20-%20human%20-%202008.pdf