Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of fecal indicator bacteria isolated from owned dogs in Grenada: a pilot study
V A Amadi1, A H Werners2, and H Hariharan1
1Pathobiology Academic Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, West Indies. 2 Anatomy and Physiology Academic Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, West Indies.
Objective: To determine 1) the occurrence of doxycycline-resistant fecal indicator bacteria: Escherichia coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis from dogs and 2) the antimicrobial susceptibility of the doxycycline-resistant isolates to other antibiotics Methodology: Anal swabs collected from 14 dogs were tested for the presence of doxycycline-resistant bacterial indicators by a selective culture method. Eosin-methylene-blue medium supplemented with 25µg/ml doxycycline was used to isolate doxycycline-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae while doxycycline-resistant E. faecalis was isolated using Kenner-fecal medium supplemented with 10µg/ml doxycycline. Pure cultures of the isolates were identified using phenotypic characteristics. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the doxycycline-resistant isolates was determined against 12 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer method. Result: Of the 14 dogs tested, the percentage that was positive for doxycycline-resistant bacterial indicators were: 11(79%) for doxycycline-resistant E. coli, 7(50%) for doxycycline-resistant K. pneumoniae, and 8(57%) doxycycline-resistant E. faecalis. Based on our Kirby-Bauer assay results, 5(45%) of the doxycycline-resistant E. coli isolates were resistant to a single antibiotic, and 2(18%) isolates presented multiple antibiotic resistance. The doxycycline-resistant E. coli isolated showed resistance to two other antibiotics, tetracycline (45%) and cephalothin (27%). In comparison to the doxycycline-resistant E. coli isolated, 1(14%) doxycycline-resistant K. pneumoniae isolate was resistant to single antibiotic, and 5(71%) isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance. The doxycycline-resistant K. pneumoniae isolated showed resistance to seven other antibiotics: amoxicillin/clavulanate (57%), ampicillin (86%), neomycin (14%), gentamicin (14%), tetracycline (29%), cefovecin (57%) and cephalothin (57%). Two (25%) doxycycline-resistant E. faecalis were resistant to single antibiotic, and 6(75%) isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance. The doxycycline-resistant E. faecalis isolated showed resistance to eight other antibiotics: ampicillin (13%), neomycin (75%), gentamicin (38%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (13%), tetracycline (100%), cefovecin (50%), cephalothin (63%), and Imipenem (13%). Conclusion: The tested dogs harbor doxycycline-resistant bacterial indicators in their intestine. The doxycycline-resistant isolates were also resistant to other antibiotics.
Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, August 22-26 2006 LANGUAGE USE IN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY FOR MUSICAL EXPERIENCES Dr. Mark Lammers Dr. Mark Kruger ABSTRACT opment of the self, social bonding, and motivation (Bluck, Memories for musical experiences among adults associated 2003; Pillemer, 2003). Because music is a pervasive part of with a symphony orches
Supply Needs of the Amazon Clinic Priority: small tablet Multi-Vitamins with Iron. Items usually needed or at least usable by the clinic (and leftovers or excess can easily be distributed to other equally or more needy entities in the area): Antibiotics IMPORTANT NOTE: Nothing outdated can be accepted; if brought into the country and discovered by Customs, anything