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One Pot Synthesis of Dibenzo [b,f][l,4]Thiazepine-l l-(10H)-One

A.V.G.S. Prasad*,1, L. Rameswara Reddy1 and P.V.Rao2
1R& D Department, Chiral Biosciences Ltd., Hyderabad-506 001, A.P (India)
2Department of Chemistry, Nizam College (Autonomous) Hyderabad-506 001, A.P (India)
*E-mail: [email protected]
Article History:
ABSTRACT
Dibenzo[b,f][l,4]thiazepine-l l-(10H)-one is the key intermediate in the synthesis of antipsychotic agent Quetiapine and hence an
improved method for synthesizing will be highly desired. A process was developed for synthesis of 2-(phenyl thio)-phenyl
carbamate (4) from 2-nitro diphenyl sulphide (1) via., in a single step synthesis of 2-nitro diphenyl sulphide (1) with an aqueous
solution of Fe powder and NH4Cl then followed by treated with phenyl chloroformate. The ambient conditions, excellent product
yields, easy work up procedure and short reaction time make this synthetic strategy a better protocol for the synthesis of an
intermediate (4) and dibenzo[b, f](1,4)-thiazepine-11-(10H)-one (5). The structures of all the compounds were confirmed by their
IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral analysis.
Keywords: Iron powder, Ammonium Chloride, Phenyl Chloroformate and Poly Phosphoric Acid.
2013 ijCEPr. All rights reserved
INTRODUCTION
Medium sized heterocycles, especially seven and eight membered ring compounds are receiving significant attention
because of the existence of their structural units in some natural products [1]. In particular, fused dibenzo-[b,f][1,4]-
thiazepines are used in antihistaminic[2], potential high ceiling diuretics[3]. Dibenzo-[b,f][1,4]-thiazepine is a class
of antipsychotic drug, 11-[4-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]-1-piperzinyl]dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin (trade name
Quetiapine), a typical antipsychotic drug that is practiced for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorders for
many years[4].
Aromatic amines are important starting materials and intermediates for the manufacture of a variety of chemicals
such as dyes, photographic materials, surfactants, polymers, pharmaceutical products, agricultural chemicals and as
antioxidants.
The reduction of aromatic nitro compounds is one of the most common methods for preparing the corresponding
aromatic amines. Recently, many novel reducing agents have been reported in the literature. The most commonly
used reagents are zinc, iron, or tin, in the presence of an acid , catalytic hydrogenation using Ni, Pd/C, and PtO2 .
Other reagents include sodium hydrosulfite, Sm, In, hydriodic acid, RhCl3, Au/SiO2, N2H4/Fe2O3/MgO, NaBH4/Pt-
Ni, NaBH4/BiCl3 and Al/NH4Cl.
Raymond. et., al discloses a method for the preparation of 2-aminodiphenyl sulphides involving the steps of
reacting o-chloronitrobenzene with thiophenol to form 2-nitrodiphenylsulphide; reducing the nitro group to form
corresponding amino compound using raney nickel, hydrazine and charcoal[5].
Schmutz, J.discloses a method for the preparation of 2-aminodiphenyl sulphides involving the steps of reacting o-
chloronitrobenzene with thiophenol to form 2-nitrodiphenylsulphide; reducing the nitro group to form corresponding
amino compound using raney nickel[6].
A.F. Thomas, B. Willhalm discloses a method for the preparation of 2-aminodiphenyl sulphides involving the steps
of reacting o-chloronitrobenzene with thiophenol to form 2-nitrodiphenylsulphide; reducing the nitro group to form
corresponding amino compound using iron powder in glacial acetic acid and water at reflux and in12 hours[7].
As per the process disclosed in US and EP patents, 2-nitrodiphenylsulphide is reduced with iron powder in HCl to
form corresponding amino compound. The synthesis carried out according to procedures described above requires
isolation and extensive purification of intermediates. Starting from o-chloronitrobenzene the total yield of the final
product 11- (1-piperazinyl) dibenzo [b, f] [1, 4] - thiazepine does not exceed 50%[8].
Each of the above methods has at least one of the following drawbacks:
1. Harsh reaction condition
2. Significant limitations based on safety and handling considerations,
3. Destroy many sensitive functional groups,
4. Expensive and/or moisture-sensitive reagents,
5. A high-pressure hydrogen reactor and

6. Non-chemoselectivity in reduction reaction.
In view of lack of process, which is avoiding all the shortcomings an alternative improved one pot process for the
preparation of dibenzothiazepine derivative is highly desired.

NH4Cl as the hydrogen donor
Rahat H. Khan treated a wide range of aromatic nitro compounds with tellurium powder in aqueous methanolic
ammonium chloride and resulted in selective reduction of the nitro groups. The reactions were typically completed
within 2-5 h, and gave the corresponding aniline in good to excellent yield [9].
Takehito Tsukinoki and Hirohisa Tsuzuki demonstrated an environmental friendly method for the synthesis of
anilines by the chemoselective reduction of nitroarenes with zinc metal and NH4Cl in water[10].
D. G. Desai et al and Yugang Liu et al also reported the reduction of nitroarenes with FeS-NH4Cl-CH3OH-H2O and
Fe-NH4Cl system respectively, and had a satisfying yield[11,12].
Considering that iron powder is oxidized to FeCl2 and FeCl3 in the presence of HCl, we want to determine if the
Halide (X) salt additives are merely promoting the formation of FeX2 in the reaction mixture, with FeX2 as the
active reductant. We suggest that the halide salts are serving a similar function here, accelerating the transfer of iron
into solution and renewing the available source of Fe (O).
Looking for ‘‘cleaner’’ alternatives to classical syntheses and in developing green chemistry and also in pursuing
our new interest in developing inexpensive and non polluting reagents
Green Context
In view of human health and environmental concerns, much attention is being paid to ‘Green Chemistry’, which is a
chemical methodology to decrease or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design,
preparation and application of chemical production.
As per pharmacopeias and drug master file requirement, the impurity level limit is very stringent. This incomplete
reaction gave a challenging task to obtain 100% conversion. Further purification, incurring heavy losses of the
product is difficult due to the similar properties of the product and the starting material. Therefore, it seems desirable
to develop a low cost effective, environmentally friendly high yield and commercially viable method.
We found NH4Cl, which has broader functional-group compatibility, to be suitable alternative to aqueous HCl. We
elected to use iron as the reducing agent because it is cheap and readily available, and known to tolerate a variety of
functionalities.

Mechanism
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Melting points were measured in open capillary on Buchi melting point B-540 apparatus and were uncorrected. IR
spectra were recorded on Schimadzu FTIR-8400 spectrometer using KBr pellets. 1H NMR (300 MHz) spectra
recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AVANCE 300 instrument with the TMS as an internal standard. All the chemical
shifts values were recorded as δ ppm. Mass spectra (EI-MS) were taken on Perkin Elmer (SCIEX API-2000, ESI) at
12.5 eV. CHN analysis was carried out on Carlo Erba E A 1108 automatic analyzer. The progress of each reaction
was monitored and purity of the compounds was checked by thin layer chromatography.
Synthesis of (2-nitrophenyl) phenyl sulfide (2)
To thiophenol (150g) and NaOH (60g) in isopropyl alcohol (500 m L) was added slowly 1-chloro-2-nitro benzene
(1) (250 g) and the solution was refluxed for 6 h (monitored by TLC). After the completion of reaction, the reaction

mixture was cooled and added water (1000 mL) than, the compound was extracted with toluene and evaporated
under vacuum to obtained the compound (2). Yield: 294 - 296 g.

Synthesis of phenyl-2-(phenylthio)-phenylcarbamate (4)
To aqueous solution of iron powder (300 g) and ammonium chloride (40g) added slowly a solution of compound (2)
in water. The reaction mixture was refluxed at 85-95 0 C for 3-4 hrs (monitored by TLC). After completion of
reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered to remove metal catalyst and the compound 3 was
extracted with toluene (3x 150 mL).Yield: 282-284 g.
To this, phenyl chloroformate (270 mL) in toluene was added over a period of 30-40 min at 50-55o C and stirred for
15-20 min, then added a solution of sodium carbonate at 50-55oC than, the reaction mixture was heated at 60-65o C
for 2 h (monitored by TLC). After cooling to room temperature, the toluene layer was collected and dried over
anhydrous sodium sulphate, evaporated under reduced pressure to get crude, phenyl-2-phenyl thiophenylcarbamate
(4) which can be subjected to cyclization without purification. Yield: 365-385 g.

Synthesis of dibenzo [b, f][1,4] thiazepine-11(10H)-one (5)
Compound (4) was added slowly to a solution of polyphosphoric acid (1520g) at 65oc with stirring. The reaction was
heated to 100o-105oc for 6-8 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to about 80 0 C, than added ice cold water slowly.
After cooling to ambient temperature the product was filtered off as an off-white solid, washed sparingly with
acetone and dried.
Yield: 99 %; m. p: 265-266 0C, purity: 99.9% (HPLC); 1HNMR (DMSO-d6 300 MHz):7.02-7.8 (m, 8H, Ar-H), 10.5
(s, 1H, -NH); Mass (m/z): 227.9(M+1) Anal. Calcd for C13H9NOS: C, 68.70; H, 3.99; N, 6.16. Found: C, 68.68; H,
3.92; N, 6.12.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In continuation of our progressive investigation, there is growing interest in synthetic reactions in environmentally
friendly water. We are strongly interested in the development of the chemo selective reduction of nitro groups using
a cheap reagent with easy operation in water without any organic solvent, a methodology which would have some
advantages in terms of cost, safety, simple operation, human health and environmental concerns as compared with
use of an organic solvent. Here, we wish to report that in water without any organic solvent, aromatic amines can be
obtained in high yields by an operationally easy chemo selective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. We found
NH4Cl, which has broader functional-group compatibility, to be suitable alternative to aqueous HCl. We selected to
use iron as the reducing agent because it is cheap and readily available, and known to tolerate a variety of
functionalities.
The structure of all the synthesized compounds was confirmed by their 1H NMR, Mass and elemental analysis data.
The physical data of the synthesized compounds were given in experimental section.
Scheme-1 : (a) Thiophenol, NaOH in IPA (b) Fe powder + NH4Cl in water; (c) Ph0C0Cl / Na2CO3 solution in TL Table-1: Purity levels of dibenzo - [b, f] (1, 4)-thiazepine-11-(10H)-one Iron with HCl before Iron with HCl after Iron with NH4Cl before Iron with NH4Cl after Reduction with Iron with HCl requires isolation of Dibenzo [b,f][l,4]Thiazepine-l l-(10H)-One and extensive purification with acetone and Poly phosphoric acid ( PPA ). Reduction with Iron with NH4Cl requires only isolation of Dibenzo [b,f][l,4]Thiazepine-l l-(10H)-One with high purity of above 99.0% . Reduction in number of operations and time ( repurification ),higher total yield, lower consumption of solvents, reduction of waste material quantity; All these advantages result in considerable reduction of manufacturing costs and highlight the favor Philosophy of ‘Green Chemistry’.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, we have demonstrated an environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of anilines by the
chemoselective reduction of nitroarenes with iron metal with ammonium chloride as additive in water.
We also reduced the number of steps, time, and lower consumption of solvents and also reduced waste material
quantity. All these advantages of result in considerable the reduction of manufacturing cost.
Also the authors wish to reported that the reduction reaction with Fe/ NH4Cl is a mild compared to iron-acid
reduction, can be done in stain less steel vessel and also scale up to 100 kg batches. This offers great advantages in
industrial scale preparations.

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