SECTION THREE Starting Treatment
TOPICS ON THIS PAGE: What Treatment? New Drugs
LINKS TO: Section One: Parkinson's Disease | Section Two: Current Treatments | Section Four: Glossary LINKS TO: What Treatment Should I Start? Principles of Management Dr. Lynch's Research
A lot of people ask this, and the answer is that it is very variable. It varies with the patient; it varies with the doctor. Treatment should be individualised. Everyone is slightly different, with different requirements and
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If I see someone very early on in the disease, and they are doing well, then I don't offer symptomatic relief,
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other than to support, educate, and use measures that may slow it down. If they have tremor and are
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embarrassed by that, we have a chat about it. Do they want treatment for the tremor? Tremor is not that
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disabling unless it interferes with the patient using his hands. Most tremor in Parkinson's is there when you
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are at rest, but when you use your hands, it goes away. It really depends on the patient.
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L-Dopa should be spared in the young, to delay long-term levodopa complications
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For those under the age of fifty, use selegiline, amantadine, anticholinergics if tremor is predominant
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Between the ages of fifty and sixty, use dopamine agonists, selegiline, then add in controlled-release
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levodopa, then amantadine or an anticholinergic
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Over the age of sixty, use either controlled-release levodopa (600-800mg per day), or regular
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levodopa (400-600mg per day) then a dopamine agonist.
In general, I agree with this - recommendations like these are fine, but you have to individualise. The levodopa preparations, Sinemet and Madopar, should be spared in the younger patient to delay long-term complications. You can have a good effect with Sinemet or Madopar, but you pay the price within a few years, when you start developing dyskinesias, "wearing-offs" and fluctuations.
For those under fifty, I would prescribe selegiline (Eldepryl), but I would tend to use a lower dose of this, as it can keep you awake at night if you take it late in the day. I just use 5mg of selegiline, half the usual dose, as it is enough to do the job. It may possibly slow down the progression of the disease. It definitely helps the symptoms; whether or not it slows down disease progression is as yet unproven.
I tend to be a little biased against anticholinergics. I agree that they are better tolerated in the younger patient, but in the older patient, they can affect the memory, cause constipation, dry mouth, urinary retention. They can be difficult to use, so I would use them only occasionally.
Alternatively, I would use a dopamine agonist, even in the under-fifties. I tend not to use slow-release levodopa on the basis that, if you are constipated as can happen in PD (the Lewy bodies in the brain are also found in the gut, and the nervous system in the gut is also affected in PD - it also slows down), the slow-release drugs may not be fully absorbed.
In the over -sixties, I would generally use up to 300mg levodopa a day, and try to hold it down as much as possible, for as long as possible, and supplement it with Comtess, which lengthens the effect of Sinemet/Madopar. In trying to get the best result, there are no hard and fast rules. I would use dopamine agonists even in the older age group. The newer dopamine agonists tend to have fewer side-effects, and by using them you run into less trouble with them in the long-term.
New Drug Treatments Dopamine agonists: Requip (ropinirole), Mirapexin (pramipexole),Cabaser (cabergoline), Apomorphine Mirapexin* and Cabaser have yet to be launched in Ireland. Cabaser is a long-acting dopamine agonist, which people sometimes take late at night. Most dopamine agonists will help the stiffness and soreness, but, anecdotally, Mirapexin seems to help also with tremor, which is often hard to treat. Apomorphine is a subcutaneous form of dopamine agonist. There is a much larger choice now, so if one doesn't agree you can try another.
[Editor's note: Mirapexin has since been launched in Ireland for use with Sinemet or Madopar.]
COMT inhibitors: Comtess (entacapone) Anti-Dyskinetic Drugs: glutamate (NMDA) antagonists, e.g., dextromethorphan Symmetrel (amantadine) Some more recent studies have shown this to be quite a nice drug for dyskinesias. It is sometimes a difficult drug to use, as it can cause low blood pressure, ankle swelling, photosensitivity and occasionally a rash.Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors: Lamotrigine This is an anti-convulsant which has an NMDA antagonist in it, usually used in patients with seizures, but may be of benefit in patients with dyskinesias. Studies are ongoing at present.
So this field is beginning to increase, and what is going to happen is that, if the newer drugs coming onstream work well enough, they may well put the surgeons out of business!
All the drugs have side-effects, so my rule is to start/change a drug slowly, go up slowly, down slowly, change one drug at a time. You don't stop taking any drug abruptly in Parkinson's, nor do you start or stop two drugs at the same time.
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Antihypertensives Item 1. Gynecomastia, hyperkalemia, and menstrual abnormalities are2. Diuretics which may result in hyperkalemia when used in a patientreceiving potassium supplementation include:3. Metabolic alkalosis may be a complication of the administration of:4. Beta blockers which are relatively cardioselective include:5. Reflex tachycardia is not likely to occur during therapy wit
J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 8359–8366 Validation of the Tetrasensor Honey Test Kit for the Screening of Tetracyclines in Honey WIM REYBROECK,*,† SIGRID OOGHE,† HUBERT DE BRABANDER,‡ ANDTechnology and Food Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Brusselsesteenweg 370,9090 Melle, Belgium, and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis,
SECTION THREE 
Alternatively, I would use a dopamine agonist, even in the under-fifties. I tend not to use slow-release levodopa on the basis that, if you are constipated as can happen in PD (the Lewy bodies in the brain are also found in the gut, and the nervous system in the gut is also affected in PD - it also slows down), the slow-release drugs may not be fully absorbed.
In the over -sixties, I would generally use up to 300mg levodopa a day, and try to hold it down as much as possible, for as long as possible, and supplement it with Comtess, which lengthens the effect of Sinemet/Madopar. In trying to get the best result, there are no hard and fast rules. I would use dopamine agonists even in the older age group. The newer dopamine agonists tend to have fewer side-effects, and by using them you run into less trouble with them in the long-term.
New Drug Treatments 
All the drugs have side-effects, so my rule is to start/change a drug slowly, go up slowly, down slowly, change one drug at a time. You don't stop taking any drug abruptly in Parkinson's, nor do you start or stop two drugs at the same time.
Section One: Parkinson's Disease | Section Two: Current Treatments | Section Four: Glossary
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