EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 124 STRONGYLOIDOSIS CLINICAL TREATMENT PREVENTION DISEASE ? & CONTROL AFFECTED Fact sheet compiled by Last update
Manfred Brack, formerly German Primate Center,
Göttingen / Germany. Susceptible animal groups Mainly Old World nonhuman primates, man. Causative organism Strongyloides stercoralis, S.fülleborni, S.cebus. Zoonotic potential Yes. Distribution World- wide, preferentially in subtropical and tropical regions. Transmission Percutaneously. The adult Strongyloides females live in the large intestines of the host animals (or man!), produce embryonated eggs, which in S.fülleborni and S.cebus are faecally excreted as such, whereas in S.stercoralis the larvae may hatch already in the original hosts large intestine, thus causing autoinfections. In the other Strongyloides spp. the larvae hatch in the environment, proceed through 2 molts to reach the infective filariform larval stage or to develop into free-living male and female adults, which start one or more new external larval cycles. Both the directly and the indirectly generated filariform larvae penetrate the skin, or at being swallowed, the epithelia of the upper digestive tract. Subsequently they migrate via the circulation to the lung, burrow through the alveolar capillaries and alveolar walls, migrate actively up to the larynx and pharynx, are swallowed and ,on reaching the small intestine of the new host become again adult embryonated eggs producing females. Migrating larvae may cross the placental tissues, thus leading to infections already od newborn apes. That migration stage, regardless of the Strongyloides- species involved, applies to only a precentage of infecting larvae. The others convert to a resting stage somewhere in the new hosts tissues after epithelial penetration, surviving there for decades and eventually becoming reactivated after stress (pregnancy, social stress etc.). Incubation period Prepatent period: 11 – 18 days. Clinical symptoms The skin-penetrating larvae cause itching sensations, and eventually urticaria, those burrowing through the lung dyspnea, cough or even pneumonia. The adults living in the small intestine cause haemorrhagic-mucoid diarrhea, anorexia, vomitus, depression, weight loss and occasionally paralytic ileus. Post mortem findings Multifocal or diffuse pulmonary haemorrhages, catarrhal to haemorrhagic- necrotic enterocolitis. In hyperinfections subacute eosinophilic interstitial pneumonia, eosinophilic vasculitis and perivasculitis. Diagnosis Repeated ovodiagnosis in S. fülleborni/S. cebus infestations, repeated larval demonstrations in S.stercoralis – infestations of great apes and man, using Baerman Wetzel funnels. In necropsies of great apes larval emigration tests from the duodenal tissues and histological examination of the duodenum are advisable EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 124
Material required for laboratory analysis Faecal samples. Relevant diagnostic laboratories Local veterinary laboratories. Treatment Thiabendazole (50 – 100 mg/kg/day for several days) Mebendazole (50 mg/Kg) Albendazole (16 mg/kg/day for 3 days) combination with Ivermectin (200 mg/kg). Ivermectin (2 x 100 mg)- in man. Moxidectin (0.5 mg/kg) Prevention and control in zoos Drainage and steam-desinfection of outdoor-housing and floor-beddings . Suggested disinfectant for housing facilities
Notification
Guarantees required under EU Legislation
Guarantees required by EAZA Zoos
Measures required under the Animal Disease Surveillance Plan
Measures required for introducing animals from non-approved sources
Measures to be taken in case of disease outbreak or positive laboratory findings
Conditions for restoring disease-free status after an outbreak
Experts who may be consulted
References
1. Appleton, C. C., R. C. Krecek, A. Verster, M. R. Bruorton, and M. J. Lawes . 1994. Gastro –
intestinal parasites of the Samango monkey, Cercopithecus mitis , in Natal, South Africa. J. Med. Primatol. 23 : 52 – 55.
2. Brack, M. 1987. Agents Transmissible from Simians to Man. Springer, Berlin. 3. Brack, M., und W. Rietschel. 1986. Ivermectin zur Strongyloidose fülleborni – Bekämfung bei
Rhesusaffen – Kurzmitteilung. Kleintierpraxis 31 : 29.
4. Dufour, J. P., F. B. Cogswell, K. M. Phillippi-Falkenstein, and R. P. Bohm. 2006 Comparison of
efficacy of moxidectin and ivermectin in the treatment of strongyloides fulleborni infection in rhesus macaques. J. Med. Primatol. 35 : 172 – 176.
5. Mojon, M., and P. B. Nielsen. 1987. Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis with Albendazole.
A cure rate of 86 per cent. Zent. bl. Bakteriol. Hyg. A 263 : 619 – 624.
6. Muriuku, S. M: K., R. K. Murugu, E. Munene, G. M. Karere, and D. C. Chai. 1998. Some
gastro – intestinal parasites of zoonotic ( public health ) importance commonly observed in Old World non – human primates in Kenya. Acta Trop. 71 : 73 – 82.
7. Naquira, C., G. Jimenez, G. G. Guerra, R. Bernakl, D. R. Nalin, D. Neu, and M. Aziz. 1989.
Ivermectin for human strongyloidosis and other intestinal helminths. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 40 : 304 – 309.
8. Nielsen, P. B., and M. Mojon. 1987. Improved diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis by
seven consecutive stool specimens. Zent. bl. Bakteriol. Hyg. A 263 : 616 – 618.
9. Rietschel, W. 1991. Zum Einsatz von Ivermectin bei mit Strongyloides spp. befallenen
Primaten. Verh. ber. Arb. tag. Zootierärzte Dtsch. sprach. Raum. 11 : 57 – 59.
10. Viney, M. E., R. W. Ashford, and G. Barnish. 1991. A taxonomic study of Strongyloides
Grassi, 1879 ( Nematoda ) with special reference to Strongyloides fülleborni von Linstow, 1905 in man in Papua New Guinea and the description of a new subspecies. Syst. Parasitol. 18 : 95 – 109.
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EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 124 
EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 124