Medications associated with the onset of tardive dyskinesia christine b. hunter, rn, christopher kenney, md, anthony davidson, bs, and joseph

Medications Associated with the Onset of Tardive Dyskinesia
Christine B. Hunter, RN, Christopher Kenney, MD, Nicte Mejia, MD, Anthony Davidson, BS, and Joseph Jankovic, MD
Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
FIGURE 3. Drugs Associated with Tardive Dyskinesia
ABSTRACT
TABLE 2. Medications with the potential to cause TD
FIGURE 1. Tardive Syndromes Present in 440 Patients
DISCUSSION (cont’d)
Medication class
Examples
Phenothiazines
Chlorpromazine (e.g. Thorazine)
OBJECTIVE: To define the offending drugs associated with
a.Aliphatic
Triflupromazine (e.g. Vesprin)
In long-term studies, the incidence of TD due to first-
b.Piperidine
Thioridazine (e.g. Mellaril)
Orolingual Stereotypy
the occurrence of tardive syndromes in patients referred to a generation antipsychotics was reported to be 5% per year
c.Piperazine
Mesoridazine (e.g. Serentil)
Dystonia
movement disorders clinic. BACKGROUND:
Trifluoperazine (e.g. Stelazine)
in adults and 25-30% in elderly patients, while the incidence
Other Stereotypy
dyskinesia (TD), a hyperkinetic movement disorder causally Prochlorperazine (e.g.
of TD due to second-generation antipsychotics was 0% in
related to dopamine receptor blocking drugs (DRBD), is a Compazine)
children and 6.8% in the mixed adult and elderly population
Perphenazine (e.g. Trilafon)
Akathisia
well-recognized iatrogenic disorder. Although published Fluphenazine (e.g. Prolixin)
[Correll, 2004; Pierre, 2005]. Although atypical
reports on TD mainly focus on patients who have been Perazine
antipsychotics may be better alternative medications with
exposed to DRBD used as anti-psychotics, these medications Thioxanthenes
less risk of causing TD, the risk of TD may increase with
are also used to treat a wide array of medical, chiefly a. Aliphatic
Chlorprothixene (e.g. Tarctan)
chronic use of these drugs, similar to the typical
gastrointestinal, conditions. METHODS: A retrospective chart
b. Piperazine
Thiothixene (e.g. Navane)
neuroleptics [Tarsy and Baldessarini, 2006]. TD may have
review was performed on subjects evaluated for TD in the Butyrophenones
Haloperidol (e.g. Haldol)
not only medical, but also legal implications. Although
Movement Disorders Clinic at Baylor College of Medicine. Droperidol (e.g. Inapsine)
avoiding DRBD is the best approach to minimizing this risk,
RESULTS: We report data on 434 patients listed in our
Diphenylbutylpiperidine
Pimozide (e.g. Orap)
1981-1987
1988-1993
1994-1999
2000-2006
physicians must be able to recognize the early symptoms
database for whom we have detailed clinical information. The Dibenzazepine
Loxapine (e.g. Loxitane)
and signs of TD in patients exposed to DRBD and provide
patients (334 female, 77.0%), had a mean age of 63.8 ±14.8 Dibenzodiazepine
Clozapine (e.g. Clozaril)
Thioridazine
Haloperidol
Chlorpromazine
Diagnosis
appropriate management. When a patient develops TD,
years at their initial evaluation. A causal DRBD was well Quetiapine (e.g. Seroquel)
Metoclopramide
Amitriptyline/Perphen
Risperidone
withdrawal of the offending drug should be the first
defined in 411 (94.7%) patients. The most common Thienobenzodiazepine
Olanzapine (e.g. Zyprexa)
TABLE 3. Demographic and clinical characteristics of 434
management strategy. If this strategy fails, various
medications associated with the onset of TD were haloperidol Pyrimidinone
Risperidone (e.g. Risperdal)
TD Patients
Benzisothiazole
Ziprasidone (e.g. Geodon)
pharmacological treatments may be considered, including
Characteristics
combination of Amitriptyline and Perphenazine (N=85, 8.2%), Benzisoxazole
Iloperidone (e.g. Zomaril)
TBZ, a monoamine-depleting drug by inhibiting the central
REFERENCES
and thioridazine (N=72, 6.9%) [Figure 2]. CONCLUSIONS:
Substituted benzamides
Metoclopramide (e.g. Reglan)
vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 [Kenney and
100 (23.0%) male; 334
TD, a feared and common side effect of DRBD treatment, Tiapride
Jankovic, 2006]. More research is needed to develop new
(77.0%) female
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may be caused by multiple treatment agents other than anti- Sulpride
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Clebopride
Mean Age at initial
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Remoxipride
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63.8 years ± 14.8 (SD)
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Veralipride
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DRBD indication
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INTRODUCTION
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Indolones
Molindone (e.g. Moban)
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3. Ganzini L, Casey DE, Hoffman WF, McCall AL. The prevalence of
CONCLUSION
Quinolinone
Aripiprazole (e.g. Abilify)
metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia and acute extrapyramidal
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Cinnarizine (e.g. Stugeron)
Primary TD Type
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METHODS
on patients who have been exposed to DRBD used as anti- METHOD
Other Stereotypies
Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to confirm
psychotics, these medications are also used to treat a wide 8. Mejia NI, Jankovic J. Metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia in an
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FIGURE 2. Medications Associated with the onset of TD
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12. Pasricha PJ, Pehlivanov N, Sugumar A, Jankovic J. Drug Insight: from
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Metoclopramide
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Hepatol 2006;3:138-148.
Risk factors associated with the development of TD include Amitriptyline
[Jankovic, 1995]. We excluded patients with drug-induced
not well understood [Marchand and Dilda, 2006]. Although
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Thioridazine
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TABLE 1. Some conditions that may require DRBD therapy
Chlorpromazine
(substituted benzamide), are also DRBD and have the ability
RESULTS
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Gastroenterological
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17. Stacy M, Jankovic J. Tardive dyskinesia. Current Opinion in Neurology
and Neurosurgery 1991;4:343-349.
We report data on 434 TD patients listed in our database for whom
patients with drug-induced movement disorders at our
18. Tarsy D, Baldessarini RJ. Epidemiology of tardive dyskinesia: is risk
we have detailed clinical information. Patients, 334 female (77.0%),
institution found this DRBD to be the TD causative agent for
Trifluoperazine
declining with modern antipsychotics? Mov Disord 2006;21:589-98.
Psychiatric
had a mean age of 63.8 ± 14.8 years at their initial evaluation. Of the
12% (N= 16) of patients; all of whom had been exposed to
19. Tonini M, Cipollina L, Poluzzi E, Crema F, Corazza GR, De Ponti F.
Other* Breakdown
434 patients, the majority presented with orolingual stereotypy
Amoxapine
Review article: clinical implications of enteric and central D2 receptor
metoclopramide doses between 20 and 40 mg/day [Miller
Prochloroperazine
Clozapine
blockade by antidopaminergic gastrointestinal prokinetics. Aliment
(N=198, 45.0%), dystonia (N= 165, 37.5%), or other stereotopies
and Jankovic, 1989]. Another study of metoclopramide-
Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:379-390.
Fluoxetine
Promethazine
(N=159, 36.1%) [Figure 1]. The most frequent phenomenology that
treated adult patients reported that 29% (n=15) met criteria
Fluphenazine
20. van Os J, Fahy T, Jones P, et al. Tardive dyskinesia: who is at risk?
Thiothixine
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997; 96:206-216.
Neurological
patients exhibited, alone or in combination with other TS, were
for TD, compared with 17.6% (n= 9) of metoclopramide non-
Loxapine
21. Woerner MG, Alvir JM, Saltz BL, Lieberman JA, Kane JM. Prospective
orolingual stereotypies (N=292, 28.2%), dystonia (N=256, 24.7%),
Olanzapine
users (P = 0.08) [Ganzini et al, 1993]. Although we believe
Pimozide
study of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly: rates and risk factors. Am J
and other stereotypies (N= 253, 24.4%). A specific causal DRBD
Quetiapine
that metoclopramide is also an important cause of TD in
Psychiatry 1998; 155:1521-1528.
Thiothixine
was defined for 411 (94.7%) patients. The most common
22. Wonodi I, Helene MA, Cassady SL, Sherr JD, Avila MT, Thaker GK.
children, it seems to be under-recognized; only two children
Ethnicity and the course of tardive dyskinesia in outpatients presenting to
medications associated with the onset of TD were haloperidol
with metoclopramide-induced TD are reported in the
the motor disorders clinic at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. J
(N=191, 18.4%), metoclopramide (N=171, 16.5%), the combination of
literature [Putnam et al, 1992; Mejia and Jankovic, 2005a].
Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24: 592-598.
Amitriptyline and Perphenazine (N=85, 8.2%), and thioridazine
(N=72, 6.9%) [Figure 2].
Disclosures: None

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