Americans gaining energy independence with u.s. emerging as no. 1 producer - bloomberg

Americans Gaining Energy Independence With U.S. Emerging as No. 1 .
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Americans Gaining Energy Independence With U.S.
Emerging as No. 1 Producer
By Rich Miller, Asjylyn Loder and Jim Polson - Feb 6, 2012 The U.S. is the closest it has been in almost 20 years to achieving energy self-sufficiency, a goal thenation has been pursuing since the 1973 Arab oil embargo triggered a recession and led to lines atgasoline stations.
Domestic oil output is the highest in eight years. The U.S. is producing so much natural gas that,where the government warned four years ago of a critical need to boost imports, it now may approvean export terminal. Methanex Corp., the world’s biggest methanol maker, said it will dismantle afactory in Chile and reassemble it in Louisiana to take advantage of low natural gas prices. Andhigher mileage standards and federally mandated ethanol use, along with slow economic growth,have curbed demand.
The result: The U.S. has reversed a two-decade-long decline in energy independence, increasing theproportion of demand met from domestic sources over the last six years to an estimated 81 percentthrough the first 10 months of 2011, according to data compiled by Bloomberg from the U.S.
Department of Energy. That would be the highest level since 1992.
“For 40 years, only politicians and the occasional author in Popular Mechanics magazine talkedabout achieving energy independence,” said Adam Sieminski, who has been nominated by PresidentBarack Obama to head the U.S. Energy Information Administration. “Now it doesn’t seem such anoutlandish idea.” The transformation, which could see the country become the world’s top energy producer by 2020,has implications for the economy and national security -- boosting household incomes, jobs andgovernment revenue; cutting the trade deficit; enhancing manufacturers’ competitiveness; andallowing greater flexibility in dealing with unrest in the Middle East.
Output Rising
U.S. energy self-sufficiency has been steadily rising since 2005, when it hit a low of 70 percent, thedata compiled by Bloomberg show. Domestic crude oil production rose 3.6 percent last year to anaverage 5.7 million barrels a day, the highest since 2003, according to the Energy Department.
Natural gas output climbed to 22.4 trillion cubic feet in 2010 from 20.2 trillion in 2007, when theFederal Energy Regulatory Commission warned of the need for more imports. Prices have fallenmore than 80 percent since 2008.
Americans Gaining Energy Independence With U.S. Emerging as No. 1 .
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At the same time, the efficiency of the average U.S. passenger vehicle has helped limit demand. Itincreased to 29.6 miles per gallon in 2011 from 19.9 mpg in 1978, according to the NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration.
The last time the U.S. achieved energy independence was in 1952. While it still imported somepetroleum, the country’s exports, including of coal, more than offset its imports.
Environmental Concern
The expansion in oil and natural gas production isn’t without a downside. Environmentalists sayhydraulic fracturing, or fracking -- in which a mixture of water, sand and chemicals is shotunderground to blast apart rock and free fossil fuels -- is tainting drinking water.
The drop in natural gas prices is also making the use of alternative energy sources such as solar,wind and nuclear power less attractive, threatening to link the U.S.’s future even more tohydrocarbons to run the world’s largest economy.
Still, those concerns probably won’t be enough to outweigh the benefits of greater energyindependence.
Stepped-up oil output and restrained consumption will lessen demand for imports, cutting thenation’s trade deficit and buttressing the dollar, said Sieminski, who is currently chief energyeconomist at Deutsche Bank AG in Washington.
Cutting Trade Deficit
With the price of a barrel of oil at about $100, a drop of 4 million barrels a day in oil imports --which he said could happen by 2020, if not before -- would shave $145 billion off the deficit.
Through the first 11 months of last year, the trade gap was $513 billion, according to the CommerceDepartment. Crude for March delivery settled at $96.91 a barrel yesterday on the New YorkMercantile Exchange.
The impact on national security also could be significant as the U.S. relies less on oil from theMideast. Persian Gulf countries accounted for 15 percent of U.S. imports of crude oil and petroleumproducts in 2010, down from 23 percent in 1999.
“The past image of the United States as helplessly dependent on imported oil and gas frompolitically unstable and unfriendly regions of the world no longer holds,” former CentralIntelligence Agency Director John Deutch told an energy conference last month.
Arab Oil Embargo
That dependence was underscored in October 1973, when Arab oil producers declared an embargoin retaliation for U.S. help for Israel in the Yom Kippur war. The U.S. economy contracted at anannualized 3.5 percent rate in the first quarter of the next year. Stock prices plunged, with theStandard & Poor’s 500 Index dropping more than 40 percent in the year following the embargo.
Americans Gaining Energy Independence With U.S. Emerging as No. 1 .
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Car owners were forced to line up at gasoline stations to buy fuel. President Richard Nixonannounced in December that because of the energy crisis the lights on the national Christmas treewouldn’t be turned on.
Today, signs of what former North Dakota Senator Byron Dorgan says could be a “new normal” inenergy are proliferating. The U.S. likely became a net exporter of refined oil products last year forthe first time since 1949. And it will probably become a net exporter of natural gas early in the nextdecade, said Howard Gruenspecht, the acting administrator of the EIA, the statistical arm of theEnergy Department.
Cheniere Energy Partners LP may receive a construction and operating permit as early as thismonth from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission for the first new plant capable of exportingnatural gas by ship to be built since 1969 in the U.S. Houston-based Cheniere said it expects the $6billion plant to export as much as 2.6 billion cubic feet of gas per day.
Mitchell the Pioneer
The shale-gas technology that’s boosting U.S. natural gas production was spawned in the BarnettShale around Dallas and Fort Worth by George P. Mitchell, who was chairman and chief executiveofficer of Mitchell Energy & Development Corp.
Helped by a provision inserted in the 1980 windfall oil profits tax bill to encourage drilling forunconventional natural gas, the Houston-based oil man pursued a trial-and-error approach foryears before succeeding in the late-1990s. The fracking method he devised cracked the rock deepunderground, propping open small seams that allowed natural gas trapped in tiny pores to flow intothe well and up to the surface.
Recognizing that Mitchell was on to something, Devon Energy Corp. bought his company in 2002for about $3.3 billion and combined it with its own expertise in directional drilling, a methodderived from offshore exploration.
Hunting for Oil
Traditional vertical drilling bores straight down, like a straw stuck straight in the earth. Directionaldrilling bends the straw, boring horizontally sometimes a mile or more through the richest layer ofrock, allowing more of the trapped fuel to make it into the well. This slice of rock is like the kitchen,where ancient plants and creatures came under so much pressure that they cooked into natural gasand oil.
The oil boom a century ago tapped reservoirs of fuel that rose out of those layers and got trapped inlarge pockets closer to the earth’s surface, or used vertical wells that could get out only a portion ofthe fuel stored in the rock. The new technology has Devon and its competitors hunting beneathdecades-old oil plays long thought depleted.
About an hour’s drive north from where Devon’s soon-to-be- completed new glass headquarters Americans Gaining Energy Independence With U.S. Emerging as No. 1 .
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towers 50 stories above downtown Oklahoma City, the company is exploring for oil in theMississippian and other formations, where oil majors once made their fortunes. It’s racingcompanies such as Chesapeake Energy Corp. and SandRidge Energy Inc. to buy leases and drillwells.
North Dakota Booming
Crude production in the U.S. is already increasing. Within three years, domestic output could reach7 million barrels a day, the highest in 20 years, said Andy Lipow, president of Lipow Oil Associatesin Houston, a consulting firm. The U.S. produced 5.9 million barrels of crude oil a day in December,while consuming 18.5 million barrels of petroleum products, according to the Energy Department.
North Dakota -- the center of the so-called tight-oil transformation -- is now the fourth largestoil-producing state, behind Texas, Alaska and California.
The growth in oil and gas output means the U.S. will overtake Russia as the world’s largest energyproducer in the next eight years, said Jamie Webster, senior manager for the markets and countrystrategy group at PFC Energy, a Washington- based consultant.
While U.S. consumers would still be susceptible to surges in global oil prices, “we’d end up sendingsome of that cash to North Dakota” rather than to Saudi Arabia, said Richard Schmalensee, aprofessor of economics and management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology inCambridge.
1.6 Million Jobs
The shale gas expansion is already benefiting the economy. In 2010, the industry supported morethan 600,000 jobs, according to a report that consultants IHS Global Insight prepared forAmerica’s Natural Gas Alliance, a group that represents companies such as Devon Energy andChesapeake Energy.
More than half were in the companies directly involved and their suppliers, with the balancecoming at restaurants, hotels and other firms. By 2035, the number of jobs supported by theindustry will rise to more than 1.6 million, IHS said. Some 360,000 will be directly employed in theshale gas industry.
The oil boom is also pushing up payrolls. Unemployment in North Dakota was 3.3 percent inDecember, the lowest of any state. Hiring is so frantic that the McDonald’s Corp. restaurant inDickinson is offering $300 signing bonuses.
State governments are reaping benefits, too. Ohio is considering a new impact fee on drillers andincreasing the tax charged on natural gas and other natural resources extracted, Governor JohnKasich has said.
In Texas, DeWitt County Judge Daryl Fowler has negotiated an $8,000-per-well fee from drillingcompanies to pay for roads in the district, southeast of San Antonio.
Americans Gaining Energy Independence With U.S. Emerging as No. 1 .
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Lot of Traffic
“It takes 270 loads of gravel just to build a pad used for drilling a well, which means a lot of trucktraffic on a lot of roads that nobody except Grandpa Schultz and some deer hunters may have usedin the past,” said Fowler, whose non-judicial post gives him administrative control over the county.
The federal government will see tax payments from shale gas rise to $14.5 billion in 2015 from $9.6billion in 2010, according to IHS. Over the period 2010 to 2035, revenue will total $464.9 billion, itsaid.
Manufacturing companies, particularly chemical makers, also stand to win as the shale bonanzakeeps natural gas cheaper in the U.S. than in Asia or Europe.
Dow Chemical Co., which spent a decade moving production to the Middle East and Asia, is leadingthe biggest expansion ever in the U.S. The chemical industry is one of the top consumers of naturalgas, using it both as a fuel and feedstock to produce the compounds it sells.
First Since 2001
Midland, Michigan-based Dow is among companies planning to build crackers, industrial plantstypically costing $1.5 billion that process hydrocarbons into ethylene, a plastics ingredient.
The new crackers will be the first in the U.S. since 2001, said John Stekla, a director at ChemicalMarket Associates Inc., a Houston-based consultant.
Vancouver-based Methanex said last month it plans to take apart the idled Chilean factory and shipit to Louisiana to capitalize on natural gas prices.
The shift to increased energy independence is also the result of government policies to depress oildemand.
“Vehicles are getting more efficient, and people who travel won’t be driving more miles,” said DanielYergin, chairman of IHS Cambridge Energy Research Associates.
Automakers have agreed to raise the fuel economy of the vehicles they sell in the U.S. to a fleetwideaverage of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025 under an agreement last year with the Obamaadministration.
No ‘Silver Bullet’
The 2008-09 recession helped lower oil demand, and consumption has lagged even as the economyhas recovered, said Judith Dwarkin, director of energy research for ITG Investment Research inCalgary. Coupled with higher domestic output, “this has translated into an import requirement ofsome 15.4 barrels per person per year -- about on par with the mid-1990s.” She cautioned against thinking that rising oil and gas production is a “silver bullet” for solving U.S.
Americans Gaining Energy Independence With U.S. Emerging as No. 1 .
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Michael Feroli, chief U.S. economist at JPMorgan Chase & Co. in New York, agreed, saying in a Jan.
20 note to clients that oil and gas output accounts for just 1 percent of gross domestic productionand isn’t likely on its own to be able to pull the economy into above-trend growth.
Cooling on Wind
Some companies are hurting from the shale gas glut. With abundant supplies making it thecheapest option for new power generation, Exelon Corp. scrapped plans to expand capacity at twonuclear plants, while Michigan utility CMS Energy Corp. canceled a $2 billion coal plant afterdeciding it wasn’t financially viable. NextEra Energy Inc., the largest U.S. wind energy producer,shelved plans for new U.S. wind projects next year.
Investors also are cooling on wind investment, partly because of falling power prices. T. BoonePickens, one of wind power’s biggest boosters, decided to focus on promoting natural gas-fueledtrucking fleets after dropping plans for a Texas wind farm in 2010.
“Wind on its own without incentives is far from economic unless gas is north of $6.50,” said TravisMiller, a Chicago- based utility analyst at Morningstar Inc. Natural gas for March delivery settled at$2.55 per million British thermal units on New York Mercantile Exchange yesterday.
When Obama lauded increased energy production in his State of the Union speech on Jan. 24, hedrew criticism from some environmentalists opposed to fracking.
Waning Confidence
“We’re disappointed in his enthusiasm for shale gas,” said Iris Marie Bloom, director of ProtectingOur Waters in Philadelphia. Obama “spoke about gas as if it’s better for the environment, which it’snot.” Deutch, who headed an advisory panel on fracking for the Energy Department, voiced concern thatpublic confidence in the technology will wane if action isn’t taken to address environmentalconcerns. The potential positive impact of increased North American production are “enormous,” hesaid.
Higher U.S. output lessens the ability of countries like Iran and Russia to use “energy diplomacy” asa means of strengthening their influence, Amy Myers Jaffe, director of the Baker Institute EnergyForum at Rice University, and her colleagues wrote in a report last year.
While the U.S. will still have to pay attention to issues such as Israel’s security and Islamicfundamentalism in the Mideast, which could affect oil prices, it won’t have to be as worried about itssupplies.
Positive ‘Shock’
Americans Gaining Energy Independence With U.S. Emerging as No. 1 .
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Carlos Pascual, special envoy and coordinator for international energy affairs at the StateDepartment, suggested at a Council on Foreign Relations conference in December that theincreased production in the U.S. and elsewhere gives Washington more “maneuverability” in usingsanctions to deal with Iran and its nuclear aspirations.
The increased U.S. production of oil and natural gas is a “positive supply shock” for the economyand for national security, said Philip Verleger, a former director of the office of energy policy at theTreasury Department and founder of PKVerleger LLC, a consulting firm in Aspen, Colorado.
“We aren’t there yet, but it looks like we’re blundering into a solution for the energy problem,” hesaid.
To contact the reporters on this story: Rich Miller in Washington at [email protected];Asjylyn Loder in New York at [email protected]; Jim Polson in New York [email protected] To contact the editor responsible for this story: Clark Hoyt in Washington at [email protected] ®2012 BLOOMBERG L.P. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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